Science is a systematic knowledge that reflects the inherent and regularity of objective things. Calculation science is, and data science.
1. The concept of science
What is science?This is an ancient and young subject.In daily life, people often understand “science” or “science” as “true”, “objective” and “progressive”, etc., simple and blurred consequences, but seem to be clear concepts.The word science has become the most respected knowledge name.
In terms of the source, English science comes from Latinscientia,meansKnowledge and scienceEssence”In the middle of the century, Western science heir China, Science was translated as” Gezhi “, which is the abbreviation of the knowledge of the grid, which is used to refer to research things and gain knowledge.The term “science”, Yan Fu translated Science as “science” during translation of “Sky Performance” to replace “Gezhi”, which has been used to this day.
DarwinThe definition to science is:Science is to sort out the facts, discover the law and conclude.The definition of Darwin pointed out the connotation of science, that is, facts and laws.Science must discover the unknown facts of people, and based on this, seeking truth from facts, rather than pure thinking that is separated from reality.As for the law, it refers to the inherent, essential and inevitable connection between objective things.
EinsteinIt is considered:Trying to sort out the messy experience of people, and make it a logical system of consistent ideology, it is called science.Science, as a kind of existence and complete things, is the most objective of human cognition.However, in the process of formation, as the purpose of pursuing, as the other cognition of human beings, it is subjective and psychologically restricted by psychology.The times or regions varies from person to person.
USA“Weber New World Dictionary”The record of science is:Science is a systematic knowledge obtained by obtaining the nature and laws of determining the nature and law of the research object, and through observation, investigation and experiments.This meaning first stipulates the object of science to determine the nature and laws of the research object.This determination of the research object is a objective world that does not depend on people’s understanding subjects. It has its own rules and development laws.
China“Ci Hai”(1999 edition) The record of science is:Science is a knowledge system that reflects the essence of various phenomena in the real world and the laws of motion.
In summary,Science is a knowledge system that reflects various phenomena and objective laws in the real world.As the highest form of human knowledge, science is a special component of human culture, and has become a common cultural concept of human society.
The development of science is changing with each passing day, and a huge family has long been formed.Therefore, the types of science are complicated, and there are different classification methods for science from different angles.For example, according to the different research objects, science can be divided intoNatural scienceAs well associal scienceandScienceAnd summarize and pass through these three fields of philosophy and mathematics; in accordance with the different ways of connection with practice, science can be divided into theoretical science, technical science, and applied science;Natural science and experimental science are two categories; according to the different human goals, science is divided into two categories: broad science and narrow science.
General senseThe scientific concept isNatural scienceAs well asHumanitiesandsocial scienceWait for the general name of all disciplines,narrow senseScientific conceptsSpecial refer to natural sciencesSometimes even point directly to basic theory science.
There are two traditional scientific methods, namelytheoretical researchandExperimental StudyCalculation is a kind of auxiliary means used to use these two means.But due toCalculation science(Including the rapid development of computing theory, algorithms, hardware and software), the computing industry has risen into another means of science. It can directly and effectively serve science, which has been confirmed by a lot of facts.For example, “Mathematics about the sports competition system” for mathematics science, the “computer model: how the oversized mainland is split” for the earth’s scientific science and the “computer solving the mystery of Sphinx” for archaeological scienceEssence
The report issued by the US Department of Energy believes that high -end computing is currently together with theoretical research and experimental methods, and has become a scientific discoveryThree pillarsEssenceTherefore, theoretical science, experimental science and computing science are important ways to promote the progress of human civilization and the development of scientific and technological.This understanding is not only widely quoted by scientific literature, but also passed the hearings of the US Congress and obtained the recognition of the US federal government and private enterprises.Not only that, we also know that with the increasing maturity of big data technology, data -intensive science has become the fourth largest pillar of scientific discovery.
For details, please refer to the article “New Scientific Paradigm of Big Data Age: Data Denta Science”.
Although people still have different views on the development trend of computing science and data science, computing and big data have been widely recognized as new and important means of scientific discovery. I believe that more and more scientific researchers will actively involve computing science and data.Scientific field.Not only physicists, chemists and biologists, but also experts in the entire science, engineering and technology field.According to a research report from a psychologist in the United States,Calculation is likely to be a human instinct, and big data provides calculated raw materials.
Similar to Marx said: “A discipline, only the use of mathematics is a mature discipline,” we think:
Once a discipline uses computing science and big data, it has become an advanced discipline.
No calculation is more helpful for the discovery of knowledge than applying new tools.In different periods, people’s performance is different, instead of their talents and intelligence, it is better to be caused by the different tools and soft resources they have.
2. Computing science and computing discipline
From a computer perspective,Computing scienceIt is a science that applies high -performance computing power prediction and understanding the evolution of objectives or complex phenomena. It includes numerical simulation, engineering simulation, high -efficiency computer system and application software.At present, computing science has become a strategic research method in the development of science and technology and major engineering design. It has become a strategic support technology to promote major scientific discovery and scientific and technological development with traditional theoretical research and experimental research.One of the key technical factors of ability and core competitiveness.
Western developed countries have always paid great attention to computing science as a national strategy that is related to the country’s lifeblood.The United States implements the High Performance Computing and Communication (HPCC) plan through 1993, and the acceleratedstratingstrategic computiating (ASCI) plan (ASCI) plan (ASCI) in 1996, and the 2002 high -yield energy computing system ( High Productivity Computing SystemsThe HPCS) plan has achieved a series of major scientific and technological achievements in many fields, promoting the sustainable development of high -tech and national economy and the emergence of national defense high -tech weapons, and obtained strong innovation capabilities in basic scientific research.At the same time, the rapid development of high -efficiency computers has laid an important foundation for today’s high -tech world leadership.
In June 2005, the “Calculation Science: Ensable American Science: Ensging America ‘ In the report of s competIVESS)To the height of the national core science and technology competitiveness.The report believes that the most important and most promising cutting -edge research in the 21st century is likely to use advanced computing technology and computing science to solve.The report emphasizes that the United States has not yet realized the central position of computing science in social science, biomedical, engineering research, national security, and industrial reform. This insufficient understanding will endanger the scientific leading position, economic competitiveness and national security of the United States.The report suggested that computing science should have been placed in the leadership position of the center of the national science and technology field for a long time.
SubjectIt refers to the division of teaching or researching knowledge in colleges and universities. It is a cell tissue of college teaching and scientific research.From the perspective of computing, using computing sciences to perform computer simulation or calculations in other disciplines, such as calculating physics, computing chemistry, calculation biology, etc.Computational DisciplineEssence
From a computer perspective,Computing DisciplineIt is a systematic study of the algorithm process of description and transformation information. It includes the theory, analysis, design, efficiency analysis, implementation and application of the algorithm process.The basic problem of computing discipline is:What can be performed automatically.Computing disciplines are derived from the research on mathematical logic, computing models, algorithm theory, and automatic computing machines, which were formed in the late 1930s.
Computing disciplines are a emerging discipline developed on the basis of mathematics and electronic science. It is not only a subject with strong theoretical, but also a strong discipline.For decades, the practice of computing discipline’s own development shows that on the one hand, around some major background issues, a series of important theoretical and technological achievements have been achieved in various branches and research directions, which has promoted the depth and breadth of computing science and breadth.Development; on the other hand, due to the development of a large number of mature technologies and successfully applied to various industries, more people regard calculation science as a high -tech.
In 1988, the American Computing Machinery (ACM) and the International Electrical Electronics and Electrical Engineering City Social Association Computer Branch (Computer Society for Electrical and ElectroniceEryers, IEEEE-CS) completed one. Important report, that is,“Computing as a Discipline”EssenceThe report uniformly referred to computer science and computer engineering as a computing discipline and believes that there is no basic difference between the two.And for the first time, the definition of computing disciplines was given, and the detailed content, research methods and a series of teaching plans for computing disciplines were proposed.
In 1990, ACM and IEEE-CS joint research team submitted the “Computing Curricula 1991, CC1991) report on the basis of” Calculation as a Discipline “report.The main achievement of the report is to extract 12 core concepts repeatedly appearing in computing science, and propose the main field of “society, morality and occupation issues”, which makes the study of computing disciplines more complete.
In 1998, ACM and IEEEE-CS established a computing tutorial 2001 (ComputingCurricula 2001, CC2001) joint working group, and submitted the final report in December 2001.The report analyzes nearly 10 years since the CC1991 report, and has changed from technology and culture in the field of computing. This change has a profound impact on teaching design and teaching methods.At the same time, the 11 main areas divided by the CC1991 report were extended to 14 main areas, and it was proposedComputer science knowledge (Computer Science Body of Knowledge)The new concept lays a solid foundation for the detailed design of the core course of the discipline.
Since then, the ACM and IEEE-CS joint working group have done a lot of work to divide the computing disciplines into five branches or majors such as computer science, software engineering, computer engineering, information technology and information systems. IS2002, SE2004, and SE2004 have been submittedCE2004, CC2005, IT2008, CS2008, IS2010 and CS2013.
Computer Science (CS): The scope of computer scientific research is wide. From computing theory, algorithm foundation to robot development, computer vision, intelligent system, and biological information.Implement software.Computer science is the basis for calculating the disciplines of each branch. Students trained by computer science majors pay more attention to computing theory and algorithm foundation, and can engage in software development and related theoretical research.
Software engineering (SE): Software engineering is a discipline that uses systematic, standardized, and measureable methods to develop, run and maintain software. The main goal is to open#system models and produce high -quality software in limited budgets.Students cultivated by software engineering are more concerned about the principles of large -scale software system development and maintenance based on engineering specifications, and avoid potential risks of software systems as much as possible.
ComputerEngineering (CE): Computer engineering is a discipline of the design, structure, implementation, and maintenance of software and hardware controlled by computer -controlled equipment.Its main areas include computer systems, circuits and signals, human -computer interaction, algorithm and complexity, and networks.Students cultivated by computer engineering are more concerned about designing and implementing systems that integrate software and hardware equipment, such as embedded systems.
Information technology (IT): Information technology is a discipline that provides and implement technical solutions for the information needs of society and enterprises and institutions.Its main work involves the selection, evaluation, integration, application and management of computer software and hardware, computer networks and other related technologies and products.Students trained by information technology are more concerned about new products based on computer and their normal operation and maintenance, and can use relevant information technology to plan, implement and configure computer systems.
Information system (InformationSystems, IS): The information system refers to the discipline of how to combine information technology with the production and business circulation of enterprises to meet the needs of these industries.Its main areas include electronic data processing systems, management information systems, decision -making support systems, office automation systems, e -commerce and electronic government affairs, business intelligence and corporate resource planning.Students cultivated by information systems pay more attention to the acquisition, deployment, management, and use of information resources. They can analyze information needs and related business processes, and can describe and design systems consistent with targets in detail.
According to the latest Computing Curricula, we can divide the knowledge body of computing disciplines into 12 parts as follows:
3. Data science
In the article “Data Science, Data Technology and Data Engineering”, we point out:Data science is an exploration and understanding of the essential laws of the big data world. It is based on the theory of computing science, statistics, and information systems. It has even developed new theories. Study data from the generation and perception of analysis and use of the entire life cycleThe law of essentialness is an emerging discipline.
Similarly, applying the meaning of science above, we can draw:Data Science is a knowledge system that reflects various phenomena and objective laws in the world.
Data science is used as a cross -disciplinary support for big data research and application. Its theoretical foundation comes from many different disciplines, including computer science, statistics, artificial intelligence, information systems, intelligence science, etc.The purpose of data science is to systematically explore various scientific issues, technical problems, and engineering implementation problems encountered in big data applications, including data full life cycle management, data management and analysis technology and algorithm, data system infrastructure construction, and largeImplementation and promotion of data application.Therefore, multidisciplinary cross -integration is a characteristic of data science.
It has always been endless concepts related to data science.The following figure is Waynemu, which is the first concept of “data science”, was produced by Drew Conway in 2010.The center part of the figure is data science. Waynes show that it is a combination of hackers, mathematics, statistics, and other substantial professional knowledge.
In the past few years, there are many concepts about the field of data science, and the more and better.If you want to view the detailed history of this aspect, there is an article here that you can follow:Battle of the Data Science Venn DiagramsEssenceBut recently, discussions on this concept have made new progress.In 2016, Gregory Piatedsky-Shapiro made a different concept map, two of which were the most noticeable: data science is no longer in the center of the figure; and his methods of defining data science are also different.The latest research room uses the relationship between data science and other disciplines (such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, big data, data mining) to define it.The definition of this is that data science is an intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning and big data, and has a essential connection with data mining. It is an expansion set and successor term for data mining.
These two icons may look completely different, but they do have a lot of similarities: Piatedsky-Shapiro’s icons also use the hackers, mathematics, statistical, and other substantial majors in Drew Conway’s Wayne’s Wayne Tu.Knowledge.
Compared with disciplines such as traditional computers and software engineering, data science has a unique discipline foundation and connotation.The theoretical foundation of data science involves statistical analysis, business intelligence, and data processing basis. Specific includes the following aspects:
In comparison, the discipline of computer science is the science of the research algorithm, and the data science is not limited to this. The research object is data. As computer applications gradually move from calculation to data -centered migration, the connotation of data science is gradually migrated and data science connotation.The extension is wider.The related technologies in the software engineering discipline provide data analysis and processing tools and the paradigm during specific development.Data processing technology is an important research method in the field of data research, which is used to study and discover the phenomenon and laws of the data itself.
Data science is also different from traditional business intelligence and statistics. Business intelligence mainly studies data applications from the perspective of business models and economic management, and statistical provides specific data analysis and processing methodology. HoweverData, the analysis of big data cannot stay at the result of obtaining the probability distribution, nor can it be satisfied with the data mining of details. Instead, it is necessary to solve a simpler and effective problem.Application paradigm.
Big data is not just a matter in the field of information technology. Its typical feature is closely combined with applications.At the current stage, the proposal and acceptance of the concept of big data is only three or four years, which is the early stage of development.The concept of big data has been widely recognized by all levels of society, and it has begun to walk from online to offline. More and more people discuss the application of big data from the fields of corporate management, social governance, and scientific research.This explosive demand for big data technology comes from applications has brought challenges and opportunities for the formation and development of a new type of independent discipline.
The above is still ideal.Research in any field, if it is a science, must be a matter of research.Aiming at a specific problem in a very narrow field, it mainly depends on the special conditions and special knowledge involved in this problem for data mining, which is unlikely to make big data a science.The research of data science needs to be universal that can be promoted to other fields in one field.It takes a long time to abstract common scientific issues in a field, and it takes a period of time to accumulate the common scientific issues of “data industry”.At least 5 to 10 years in the next 5 to 10 years, scholars in the computer industry need to spend more energy to assist scholars in other fields to solve the technical challenges brought by big data.Through the constant abstraction of the level, the common scientific issues of big data will gradually be clear and clear.
When you just entered the scientific threshold, the calculation science came; when you haven’t understood the calculation science, the data science comes.It’s not that I don’t understand, the world changes too fast!
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